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 ENG255 / HUM241
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Goethe's (and Euripides') Iphigenia in Tauris and Kleist's Penthesilea
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The ancient tradition of Troy stories generally blames a woman, Helen of Troy, for being the direct cause of the war, whether she ran off with Paris willingly, or was taken away by force. |
It is not surprising that the story of Iphigenia involves sacrificing an innocent young woman, so that her father Agamemnon can sail off to Troy to recover Helen, the wife of his brother Menelaus.
In some variants, Iphigenia is rescued from the altar by the goddess Artemis and whisked away to the land of Tauris to serve as Artemis' priestess.
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In the fifth century BCE, Euripides wrote Iphigenia in Tauris, telling of Iphigenia's bitter life as a priestess in the land of Tauris, where she was required to sacrifice any passing strangers at the orders of Thoas, King of Tauris. After many years, two strangers landed on the shore. Unknown to Iphigenia, one of them was her brother, Orestes, who had been driven mad by the Furies to punish him for killing his mother Clytemnestra. The other stranger was Pylades, cousin to Orestes. Once they and Iphigenia recognized one another, they devised a successful plot to deceive the King and escape from Tauris.
Goethe took this play and reworked it into a rather amazing celebration of how one pure woman could heal the insanity and evils of the pagan past, symbolized by the dysfunctional House of Atreus as well as by King Thoas, whose notion of hospitality was to sacrifice passing strangers to his god. Goethe's Iphigenia is a woman of such noble high-mindedness that she refuses to deceive the King. Instead, she tells him the truth, even though that truth risks the lives of her brother and cousin. Iphigenia persuades King Thoas to release the two prisoners instead of sacrificing them, and to let all three of them return to Greece with his blessing.
Because it offers such an intriguing contrast to Goethe's idealistic enlightenment approach, I am adding some material about another German Troy drama which might be considered the anti-Iphigenia, the intensely romantic and bizarre Penthesilea by Heinrich von Kleist. Penthesilea was the queen of the Amazons who fought and died at Troy. If you are interested, you may want to read the text and/or explore some of the links. |
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BOOKS TO PURCHASE (These books may be hard to find, so I suggest referring to the list of Online Booksellers if you can't find a copy locally.)
Note the English etext of Goethe's Iphigenia under
Etexts below.
- Goethe Volume 8: Verse Plays and Epic. Includes Iphigenia. Edited by Cyrus Hamlin and Frank Ryder
Translated by Michael Hamburger, Hunter Hannum, and David Luke. The link goes to the publisher, Princeton U.P. The book was published in 1993.
- Iphigenia in Tauris: A Play in Five Acts by Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, Charles E. Passage (Translator). An attractive, inexpensive paperback text. The link goes to the publisher and includes a description of the book.
- Penthesilea: by Heinrich von Kleist, translated and introduced by Joel Agee, pictures by Maurice Sendak. Harper Collins, 1998. (The link goes to Amazon, where I recently bought a copy of this play.)
ETEXTS
- Faust I by Goethe: Translated by Anna Swanwick.
- The House of Atreus: Breaking Free from Family Curse and Conditioning." This psychoanalytically oriented essay by Tracy Marks offers an interesting contrast to the "solution" to the curse proposed by Goethe.
- Iphigenie
auf Tauris: Text of Goethe's play in German from
Project Gutenberg.
- Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides: Translated by Gilbert Murray. From Project Gutenberg.
- Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides: Translated by Robert Potter. E-text with discussion forum, search engine and links to book purchases. From MIT.
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Iphigenia in Tauris: by Goethe;
translated by Anna Swanwick; a Project Gutenberg etext. Free
download.
- Iphigenia in Tauris: by Goethe; translated by Edward Seymour. This site offers to sell the play script quite inexpensively. It includes much (but not all) of the text.
- J. W. von Goethe: A list of links to several etexts by Goethe in English on Bartleby. Unfortunately, it does not include Iphigenia.
- Penthesilea: by Kleist; text in German.
GOETHE: BACKGROUND
IPHIGENIA BACKGROUND
- Athena and Iphigenia: This site narrates the story of how Artemis rescued Iphigenia and took her to Tauris, as well as how Athena later rescued Iphigenia from Tauris. This is part of an Encyclopedia of the Goddess Athena site which is full of images and stories about her and her temples, rituals, etc.
- "The Goddess and her Doubles": Chapter five of Deborah Lyons' book, Gender and Immortality (Princeton, 1966), including much interesting information about Iphigenia and her relationship to the goddess (Artemis).
- Iphigenia: from Carlos Parada's Greek Mythology Link; All sorts of hyperlinked information about the myth.
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IPHIGENIA AND MUSIC
MAP
- Tauris: Click on the tiny map of the Eastern Mediterranean to see a large, clear map of the area, including Tauris; some information about Tauris, including a link to Herodotus writing about Tauris. This is part of an interesting site containing maps of the ancient Greek world.
PENTHESILEA MATERIAL
SOME 19th CENTURY TROY POEMS
IPHIGENIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY
- Playnotes on The Iphigenia Cycle. A long, useful essay with background on Euripides, the plays, and the politics of war in his day. From a playbill for the Court Theatre in Chicago, spring 2005.
- Under the Curse: a review of a London production of Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris.
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