Yet another force unleashed by the French
Revolution was the idea of nationalism. After 1789, each French citizen now owed
a higher allegiance and duty to his/her country, not just to the king. Further,
it was no longer just a country or state,
but the "nation," a spiritual/mystical concept of a community of people bound together by
ties of language, culture, religion and history. The ultimate duty of citizens of
a nation, in addition to paying taxes, was military service to defend the nation. (See the French Levée en Masse from 1793.) In
the nineteenth century, a series of nations emerged in Europe,
ranging from large and powerful like Germany to small and weak like Albania (really the
early twentieth century). In most cases, the creation of a nation was accompanied
by military conflict. In all cases, the new nations discovered that
it was really not that easy to "create" a nation with
people who had no idea that they were part of a nation.
In other words, the nineteenth century was far from being a peaceful century. Especially since the process of creating Germany and Italy upset the balance of power on the continent. In the case of both countries, that meant that war had to be used to achieve the end of national unity. That is a clear intention in Bismarck's memoirs that you have read. On the other hand, victory meant happiness. You can see that jubilation expressed, for example, in King Victor Emmanuel's Address to Parliament (1871). But there was also distress, deep distress, especially in France where a new republic emerged after the disaster of the Franco-Prussian conflict, and it could have been a far more radical political outcome. (See John Leighton: One Day Under the Paris Commune.) Finally, just as quickly as Germany, led by Bismarck, upset the apple cart in Europe and created itself as the premier power on the continent, Bismarck sought to restore the "Concert of Europe" and ensure political stability on the continent so that no one could challenge German hegemony. Bismarck crafted a series of complicated, inter-locking alliance and treaty obligations to make sure that France would remain isolated and that Germany would be calling the diplomatic shots in Europe. In many respects the key to Bismarck's diplomacy lay in the Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany (7 October 1879).
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