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Objective 8:

Study and Review Question for Inorganic Chemistry:

1. a. element    b. atom    c. compound     d. molecule    e. isotope    f. ion
2.

 3.

An electrically neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons. The number of neutrons may vary.

4. a) H 1:1    b) C 6:6     c) N 7:7    d) O 8:8     e) F 9:9    f) Na 11:11    g) Mg 12:12   
    h) P 15:15       i) S 16, 16     j) Cl 17:17    k) K 19:19    l) Ca 20:20
The obvious observation: In an atom (before it reacts), the number of electrons equals the number of protons.  Thus, if you know the atomic number of an atom (the number of protons), you automatically know the number of electrons.
Elements with the same number of protons as neutrons: C, N, O, F, Mg, S, Ca

5.  First shell: 2 electrons; second: 8; third: 8 or 18.

a. C: 2) 4)    b. O: 2) 6)     c. N: 2) 5)    d. Na: 2) 8) 1)    e. Cl: 2) 8) 7)    f. Ca: 2) 8) 8) 2)

6.  Atomic weight: 12             Electron arrangement: 2) 4)

7.  Their outermost shell would be expected to be filled.

8.  1) loss of 1 electron    2) gain of 2 electrons    3) loss of 1 electron
     4) gain of 1 electron    5) loss of 2 electrons     6) gain of 3 electrons

9.  Atoms that would tend to lose electrons: H, Na, Mg, K, Ca.
     Atoms that would tend to gain: N, O, F, P, S, Cl.

10.  K + Cl
       K: 2) 8) 8) 1)         Cl: 2) 8) 7)
K will give up one electron and becomes K⁺ ( a positively charged potassium ion). Cl will accept one electron and become Cl^- (a negatively charged chlorine ion). The positively charge potassium ion will be attracted to the negatively charged chloride ion. Thus, when potassium and chlorine react, the ionic compound, K⁺Cl^- is formed.

      Mg + S
      Mg: 2) 8) 2)         S: 2) 8) 6)
Mg will give up 2 electrons and becomes Mg⁺⁺ (a positively charged magnesium ion). S will accept two electrons and becomes S^-- The positively charged Mg ion will be attracted to the negatively charged sulfide ion resulting in the ionic compound, Mg⁺⁺S^--

11. Note that each line represents a covalent bond or a pair of shared electrons.   Also, note that carbon shares four pairs of electrons, oxygen two, hydrogen one and nitrogen three.  Can you explain this?

12. Bond Predictions
      1. Covalent (polar)    2. Ionic    3. Covalent    4. Covalent    5. Ionic 
      6. Covalent    7. Covalent    8. Covalent     9. Ionic    10. Covalent

13. Strongest acid to strongest base: 2, 4, 7, 12.     Neutral =7
      Less than 7 = acid, free hydrogen ions. More than 7 = base, free hydroxide ions.

Objective 17:
1. Two molecules of water are formed.
2. Four molecules of water are required.
3. Hydrolysis occurs in the digestive tract in the process of digestion.  Enzymes that foster hydrolysis are referred to as hydrolytic enzymes.

Objective 18:
                                      Biochemistry Review Questions.

1. -COOH = carboxyl        -OH = alcohol (or hydroxyl)
    - NH2 = amino              -CHO = aldehyde (a carbonyl)

2. a. organic acid    b. amino acid    c. alcohol     d. ketone    e. aldehyde

3. a. -OH = hydroxyl or alcohol group; Compound = alcohol
    b. -COOH and -NH2, = carboxyl and amino groups; Compound = amino acid
   

4. a. compound = amino acid, because it contains both the carboxyl and the amino group.
    b. compound = alcohol because it contains an alcohol group
    c. compound = carbohydrate because it contains aldehyde & alcohol groups
   

5. Carbohydrates:
Functional groups are alcohol and aldehyde or ketone. Building blocks are monosaccharides., or simple sugars. Functions—Glucose is used directly by the body for energy production. Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage form used by animals. It is a polymer of glucose. Starch is the carbohydrate         storage form used by plants. It is also a polymer of glucose. Cellulose is also a polymer of glucose. It is a major component of the cell walls of plants and can not be digested by most animals.
Lipids:
Functional groups are carboxyl and alcohol. Building blocks are fatty acids and an alcohol (glycerol in simple lipids). Functions – high energy storage, insulation. Other forms, e.g. phospholipids, are a part of the cell membrane. Steroids may be precursors for certain hormones.
Proteins:
Functional groups are carboxyl and amino. Building blocks are the amino acids Functions - major structural component of cells; regulate biochemical reactions since enzymes are protein molecules.
Nucleic Acids:
Building blocks are nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of three subunits -  5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base. Function is to transmit hereditary information from one generation to the next and to direct cellular activities.

6. a) carbohydrate (monosaccharide)    b) protein (amino acid)
    c) carbohydrate (monosaccharide)    d) carbohydrate (disaccharide - Note it is missing 2H and an O.      Can you explain why?)    e) lipid (fatty acid)

7. B is a fatty acid. C is an alcohol called glycerol. The chemical process illustrated is hydrolysis.

8. 1) two monosaccharide    2) two amino acids    3) many monosaccharide    4) many amino acids

9. a.dehydration synthesis    b.peptide bond    c.The middle example correctly shows the peptide bond.

10. 1) monosaccharide    2) monosaccharide    3) monosaccharide     4) alcohol    5) amino acid    
      6) protein    7) nitrogenous base      8) polysaccharide    9) lipid     10) nucleic acid   
     11) disaccharide     12) nitrogenous base    13) amino acid     14) lipids    15) nitrogenous base
     16) nucleic acid   

Objective 22:
Since the enzyme and the substrate fit as a lock and key, a change in the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme may prevent the substrate from fitting into the active site.

The pH at which denaturation will occur can be expected to vary because enzymes may normally be found in sites where there are different pH levels. For example, the enzymes involved in digestion in the stomach must be able to function at a pH as low as one. That would denature most enzymes.

Home   eerdahl@nvcc.edu
Emma Erdahl, Associate Professor of Biology
Northern Virginia Community College
Last revised: 03/03/2003