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Objectives
1 and 2
Energy
is stored in living things as chemical energy. All life processes are
energy requiring. Some obvious examples: movement, growth, reproduction,
active transport, and maintaining cellular organization (remember systems
go from a state of order to disorder unless there is an input of energy).
Objective 3
1. Starch and glycogen are both storage forms of energy. Since ATP breaks
down readily (unstable) it is not used to store energy.
2. ATP
3. Cellular respiration
4. Eating
5. No. Cellular respiration occurs in all body cells.
Objective 4
1. Useful energy is energy that is able to accomplish work.
2. Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder in a system. This is
useless energy; it can’t accomplish work. As heat radiates from
the bodies of organisms in space, it represents useless energy. It can’t
be used to boil water for example!
3. 2nd Thus, during any energy conversion, the amount of useful energy
decreases (entropy increases). That is why there is a decrease in the
amount of energy in a food chain as you go from one trophic level to the
next. The energy is not lost to the universe (it remains the same). However,
in each energy conversion some of the energy winds up in the form of heat
energy that radiates out into space.
4. Disorder
5. Order
Objective 5 and 6
1. Endergonic
2. Exergonic
3. Downhill
4. Uphill
5. Endergonic; Exergonic
6. Small; unstable
Objective 7
a. False—Reduction is a loss of oxygen.
b. True
c. True
d. True
e. False—The reduced form of a compound contains more energy than
the oxidized form.
Objectives 8 and 9
1. CO2 and H2O
2. C6H1 2O6 and O2
3. C6H1 2O6 and O2
4. CO2 and H2O
Objective 11
Yes
They have been transferred to the hydrogen carrier NAD+
Objective 12
1. oxidized
2. substrate level phosphorylation
3. pyruvate
4. anaerobic –lactic acid
5. liver
6. ethly alcohol ... carbon dioxide
Objective 14
1. decarboxylation
2. citrate
3. carbon dioxide - decarboxylation
4. NADH + H+ and FADH2
5. NAD+ and FAD
6. oxygen --- water
7. glycolysis --- Krebs cycle
8. hydrogen ion
Objective 15
A. C6H1 2O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi +
2NAD+ -------> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH +
2H+
B. 2 pyruvate + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2Pi -----> 6CO2 + 6NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2 +2ATP
C. Summary equation for the electron transport
system (chemiosmotic phosphorylation)
2FADH2 + 10NADH2 + 34ADP
+ 34Pi + 6O2 ------> 10NAD+
+ 2FAD+ + 12H2O + 34ATP
1. plants ..... chemical bond energy
2. carbon dioxide
.... oxygen ----->carbon dioxide + water
3. three
4. energy ...... anaerobic
5. lactic acid
6. aerobically
7. carbon dioxide + water
8. ATP ..... ATP
9. exergonic ..... ADP + Pi
10. ATP ..... endergonic
11. both plants and animals
12. energy
|
Items |
Aerobic |
Fermentation |
Fermentation |
|
Energy |
36-38 ATP molecules |
2 ATP |
2 ATP molecules |
|
Carbon |
carbon dioxide |
lactic acid |
ethyl alcohol |
|
Water |
yes |
no |
no |
|
Oxygen Used |
yes |
no |
no |
Objective 16
1. glycolysis .... Krebs Cycle
2. deamination
3. carbohydrates ....fats .... the last type of molecule used for energy
and would be harmful
4. Lipids are more reduced than carbohydrates, i.e., they have more hydrogen
per carbon atom
Objective 17
1. same (poikilothermic is another term for ectothermic)
2. A temperature increase would increase the activity of all. The
reverse would be true for a temperature decease.
3. may be different, they maintain a relatively constant body temperature
that may be either higher or lower than the temperature of their environment
4. 1) increase metabolic rate.....this increases amount of heat
energy generated since heat energy is a by-product of cellular respiration
2) sub-cutaneous fat layers...this provides insulation so
that heat energy doesn't leave the body so rapidly 3)
shivering....increases the rate of cellular respiration since shivering
involves muscle contractions and hence elevates body temperature 4) shunting
blood to body interior...not as much heat is lost through radiation from
the body surface 5) behavioral mechanisms such as huddling, staying
in burrows when the temperature of the air drops
5. 1) sweating....heat is carried away from the body surface by
evaporative cooling 2) panting....again heat is lost through evaporative
cooling 3) shunting of blood to body surface so heat is lost
via radiation from the body surface 4) behavioral mechanisms such
as limiting periods of activity to night when temperatures are lower.
6. Periods of very low metabolic rate......no
Objectives 18 and 19
1. Membranes provide an attachment surface for molecules so that specific
enzymes, pigments, or electron carrier molecules can be arranged in specific
order along a membrane.
2. The separation allows light capture and the machinery associated with
it to be separated from the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.
Objective 20
1. Waves 400 to 500 nanometers in length (violet-blue) and waves 625 to
700 nanometers in length (orange-red).
2. Each pigment absorbs slightly different wave lengths of visible light.
3. More light energy can be captured.
Objective 22
1. Electron of chlorophyll molecule
2. Two "excited" electrons (two photons of light are required)
from chlorophyll along with two hydrogen ions(created from the photolysis
of water) are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH + H+.
3. Glucose contains more energy than NADPH + H+.
4. Photolysis is the splitting of the water molecule into hydrogen ions
(protons), electrons, and oxygen gas.
5. Light energy is required for photolysis.
6. As the "excited" electrons created by photons move from one
carrier molecule to the next along the thylakoid membrane, the energy
that is released is used to pump protons (H ions) into the thylakoid space.
7. ATP
8. ATP and NADPH + H+
Objective 23
1. 12H2 0 + 12NADP+ + 18ADP + 18Pi
----light chlorophyll-----> 602 +12NADPH+12H+
+18ATP
2.NADPH + H+ -- reducing agent in the light-independent reaction
ATP -- energy for the reduction of CO2 to C6H1
2O6
O2 -- by - product of photosynthesis
3. light -- ATP
4. photosynthesis
5. capture -- electron
6. falling back
7. oxygen
8. light-independent9. 12NADPH + 12H+ + 18ATP + 6CO2
-------> C6H1 2O6 + 12NADP+
+ 18ADP + 18Pi + 6H2O
10. False
11. ATP and NADPH + H+
12. Ribulose bisphosphate
16. Six
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