Objectives: To meet the requirements of Goal I, you must be able to:

1. understand the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Third Law of Thermodynamics.  
2. understand entropy, disorder, spontaneity and work (sample and follow-up problems 20.1, 20.2, and 20.3).
3. describe how reaction spontaneity is governed by the thermal energy changes and the entropy changes within the system;
   
4. understand free energy (G), work and the relationship between G° and the spontaneity of a process. Solve for G° given the data for H° and S° (sample and follow-up problems 20.4). Read and understand Table 20.1.

Objectives: To meet the requirements of Goal II, you must be able to:

1. determine the oxidation number for each of its constituent elements given a chemical species (compound or ion).
2. use a periodic table to predict the range of oxidation numbers for a given element and relate the range of observed oxidation numbers for an element to chemical properties.
3. relate the Stock system and IUPAC nomenclature of oxo-acids and their salts to oxidation number.
4. balance redox equations using the half-reaction method:

identify the species oxidized and the species reduced in an oxidation reduction reaction and identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent,

Objectives: To meet the requirements of Goal III, you must be able to:

1. given the components of a spontaneous redox reaction, diagram a voltaic cell formed from these components and label completely as in Figure 21.5. 
2. translate a given redox reaction into a cell diagram and vice versa. 
3. define electromotive force (emf) and describe the conditions under which emf is equal to the standard cell potential, E°.
4. describe the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and know:
   • the convention agreed upon for this electrod
   • how SHE has been used to derive a table of standard reduction potentials.
5. use standard reduction potentials to:
   • identify and/or design spontaneous redox reactions
   • calculate standard cell potential;
   • alculate cell potential for non-standard reagent concentrations using the Nernst equation.
   • understand the key features of the dry cell, alkaline dry cell, lead storage battery and the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
   • explain corrosion and how it is prevented with emphasis on the corrosion of iron and steel products.

Objectives: To meet the requirements of Goal IV, you must be able to:

1. use a table of standard reduction potentials to predict the products of electrolysis in an electrolytic cell.
2. perform stoichiometric calculations for electrochemical reactions.
3. recognize applications of electrolysis to production and purification of active metals and electroplating.